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October 29, 2025The Logic of Vertical Density: Tall Buildings in the 21st Century City
By Al-Kodmany, K.
Full Citation
Al-Kodmany, K. (2012). The logic of vertical density: Tall buildings in the 21st century city. International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 1(2), 131-148.
Key Findings
The paper reports that tall building construction requires an extra premium to construct because of their need for sophisticated foundations, structural systems to carry high wind loads, and high-tech mechanical, electrical, elevator, and fire-resistant systems. In addition, a large core area is needed to accommodate elevators and building services systems. The slenderness ratio makes the structural system more expensive. Vertical transportation, including elevators and stairways, is needed for daily and emergency use. While 70% of a skyscraper is usable space (the remainder being the building’s elevator core, stairwells, and columns), more than 80% of low-rise spaces are useable. Tall buildings also suffer from higher operational costs, such as elevator maintenance and emergency response preparedness. Depending on circumstances, they potentially could be viewed as targets for malevolent attacks. The implication is that tall buildings are ill-suited for affordable housing.
